This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

This I Believe - Essay ExampleAccording to nationsonline.org (2010), the follow of people whose first spoken dustup is Chinese, when investigated in all countries of the world was discovered to be 874000000 while the inclusion of Chinese address speakers, for whom Chinese is the second language makes it 1052000000. This is in contrast with the statistics for the number of English speakers since English is largely considered as the first language all over the world. nationsonline.org (2010) records that population of first-language-English speakers is currently 341000000, which becomes 508000000 when people for whom English is not the mother language are included in it. What further exaggerates the matter is the fact that the statistics mentioned in this paper have been recorded for one particular dialect of Chinese language where there are many more in reality. The large number of Chinese speakers is fundamentally because of the ever growing and expanding Chinese population.China has grown in literacy rate over the past few decades, though Chinese nation had always been ahead in various fields of art, intelligence and technical knowledge. Today, Chinese students make a significant portion of the total number of international students enrolled in foreign reputable universities particularly in the most scientifically and technologically advanced countries. This is in addition to the fact that the innumerable Chinese universities within China are already equipped with Chinese students. The large international Chinese students make others feel a need to learn Chinese in order to be able to interact with them.Chinese prefer to communicate with the foreigners in Chinese language unlike many other nations. Although English is taught as a second language in a lot of Chinese schools in the present age, yet Chinese prefer to stick to their first language as all legal, political and cultural

Analyze and compare two companies strategic management areas Essay

Analyze and compare two companies strategic precaution areas - Essay ExampleThe company businesses span oil and gas sector, automotive distribution, information and communication, sign of the zodiac appliances, travel and logistics alongside offering large spectrum of service to growing consumer base. On the other hand Milaha Corporation was established in 1957 and is one of the largest and most diversify maritime and logistics companies within Middle East. The companys operations range from ocean transport as well as offshore support services including third party logistics alongside ancillary solutions (Blanchard, 2010).Organizational leadership in Mannai Corporation utilizes public relations in the provision of variety services to wholly authentic stakeholders. This is ensured through existing peaceful environment that allows stakeholders to enjoy quality service and product provisions. Such provisions would make the cheek to be identify with qualities such as fun-loving, serv ice minded and spirited capabilities (Wieland and Marcus, 2011). The significance of the value equivalence within Mannai s marketing department involves service strategies that aim at full satisfaction of already existing clients for the purposes of maintaining good percentage of market share. The inclusion of value equation within international market ensures that such organization acquires right positioning in a way that ensures delivery of value added substance, which is capable of providing vital, reliable and dependable information on products and services. In this case, value equation determines benefits expected from products and services. However, the whole process is dependent on, time and finances as the key factor in transaction.The Milaha Corporations supply chain management comprises of a team of experts who ensures that maximization on the product delivery processes from the production all along to customers. In this case, the company uses customized solutions for the purposes of

Nitrophenol Essay Example for Free

Nitrophenol EssayAbstract Using a micro scale steam distillation we se parated ortho and para-nitrophenol from a mixture that was already made. After the para and ortho were separated we measured their melting points and compared it to the literature values for purity. For ortho-nitrophenol we had 60% recovery and for para 160% recovery. Our melting point ranges were ortho 45-46C and para 64-95C.IntroductionNitration In phenols, -OH group strongly activates the ring system. As a result, phenols are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of concentrated nitric venomous (HNO3). Thus, nitration of phenols is carried out with dilute nitric acid and results in the formation of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The o-nitrophenol is steam volatile and the mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol is separated by steam distillation, in our case development micro scale measurements for safety and time consumption purposes.(Electrophilic aromatic substitution) We used steam distillati on because we are distilling under degree centigradeC above 100C is H2O. Looking at the volatility of o-nitrophenol compared to p-nitrophenol, the p-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding and it occurs due to a large number of molecules are associated together. This association in the p-isomer makes it little volatile. However in o-nitrophenol, intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs and thus, it exists in a monomolecular state making it more volatile.Results/Discussion Using a sand cleanse for transferring of heat through the distillation which was sitting on a hot plate. Using a small round bottom flask which was attached to Hickmans distillation head and then we attached water through the openings. Using 1.00g of the prepared mixture we placed it in the round bottom flask on with 1.00mL of ethanol and then filled it about 2/3 with water. We added a magnetic spin-vane to the flask as well. We collected the yellow waxy ortho-isomer from groove in Hickmans distillation h ead using a Pasteur pipette.We made sure that the solids did not accumulate as this would clog the condenser. If it did we would just turn off the stone-cold water momentarily and the hot vapor would melt the solid. The distillation took about 45 minutes and even though this was the specified time period for distilling the mixture, we felt as though much of the ortho-isomer was left in the small round bottom flask along with the para-isomer and the spin valve. In order to characterize the 2- and 4-nitrophenols, we hold to determine their melting points. We compared our results to those in the literature.Data*some ortho solidified in the Pasteur pipette so there might arise a percent actus reus from this as some ortho was left in there. *we assumed that the starting mixture was about 50% each of o- and p-nitrophenol.

IOM and Nursing Transformation Essay Example for Free

IOM and Nursing Transformation EssayThe Institute of Medicine (IOM) is an American, not-for-profit, non-governmental, unaffiliated, organization created for the sole plan to serve as an advisor to the government and every sector in society in order to make better informed wellness boot decisions. Established in 1970 the IOM organization has been answering the nations most pressing questions about health administer over the past 4 decades. October 5, 2010, the IOM in collaboration with The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), released its recommendations on nursing in the United States. The report entitled, The Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing Health explore the penury for health care nursing professionals to evolve and prepare for the dynamic work environment in which they will take part, providing an action-oriented blue print for the health care professional as a guide to practice (Institute of Medicine, 2010).The IOM report continues to have an immense impac t on nursing care today, transforming primary practice, education, and the leadership roles of health care provider. Within the IOM report, 4 key messages were provided as follows, 1. Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training. 2. Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an meliorate education system that promotes seamless academic progression. 3. Nurses should be full partners with physicians and other health care professionals in redesigning healthcare in the U.S. 4. Effective work wad grooming and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure (Institute of Medicine, 2010, p. 4). On the grand scale, nursing is by far the largest force in health care, by sheer numbers the impact nurses make in health care is astounding. Nurses are vital to the change and success of health care reform.The IOM cites the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a new law signed into effect March 23, 2010, by Pres ident Obama. The ACA allows the public better admittance to care, stronger Medicare, more affordable coverage, and stronger consumer rights and protections (THE WHITEHOUSE.GOV, n.d.). What The ACA means for nursing practice is, with insurance becoming more readily accessible to the public, it is inevitable that patient loads will change magnitude causing a higher demand for educated and skilled nurses. New rules mandating patients and practitioners equalizeing face-to-face at the start of care and mandating regular check-ups as rubber care will also increase demand for nurses. To meet this growing need for health care professionals current and prospective providers look to provide motivation. musical accompaniment has been made available to nurses as an incentive to pursue advanced degrees and become lifelong learners by creating stricter regulation for continuing education requirements.Employers are becoming highly cognizant of the growing demand and are willing to provide car eer assistance, and tuition reimbursement in order to remain competitive in the healthcare intentness as well as increase employee retention. Education is vital to achieve the goal of the IOM desiring to increase the number of BSN educated nurses from 50% to 80% by the twelvemonth 2020(The gathering of Nursing Workforce Centers, 2012). With education, comes responsibility. As part of the vision of the IOM, nurses should become full partners in collaboration and shall become leaders, whether it be formal or informal. leadership should be integrated in all aspects of nursing, from the bedside to the boardroom (Institute of Medicine, 2010, p. 221). Leaders arent just policy makers and managers anymore, they are mentors, teachers and advocates, for their patients as well as each other.As leaders nurses should collaborate with multidisciplinary team members to provide safe and effective care, sharing their knowledge, skills and critical thinking expertise. Being an informal leader al so involves mentoring peers and acting as a resource, fostering an environment conducive for growth and success as well as professional development. Addressing the call to action by changing practices to meet the recommendations is vital to the transformation of nursing. To meet this call to action, my first goal is to obtain my Bachelor of Science in nursing degree. Education is the foundation the gives us the efficiency to grow and thrive in our profession successfully.I challenge myself to continue with my education and going forward continue on the path as a lifelong learner. I vow to seek opportunities available to me to enhance my knowledge and skill base whether it is through my employer, my state required continuing education attribute (CEUs), or a nursing organization such as my membership with the American Association of Critical Care nurses (AACN). I will continue to collaborate with all team members, be an advocate and to be a mentor and a resource to my peers, and pro mote education and learning through them as well. And ultimately I will accept this call to action by challenging my other peers and cohorts to do the same.ReferencesInstitute of Medicine. (2010). The Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing Health. Retrieved from http//books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12956page=R1 THE WHITEHOUSE.GOV. (n.d.). http//www.whitehouse.gov/healthreform/healthcare-overviewhealthcare-menu The Forum of Nursing Workforce Centers. (2012). http//nursingworkforcecenters.org/Resources/files/StateImpactOfIOMReportOnNursing.pdf

The Development of Machine Translation Essay Example for Free

The Development of Machine Translation EssayIntroduction What is elementary mould interpretation? Simply put, shape variation is the application of reckoner textual matter from unmatchable natural language into an other natural language text reading. The translation climax in the history of China again and again set off, the translation of Buddhist scriptures in the Eastern Han to the Tang and Song dynasties, the Ming and Qing technology translation and the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement to promote the progress of history. Today, the advent of the international information age is the translation climax conditions, requirements, involved in the field of computer science, mathematics, linguistics. However, the science of translation career how? Effects? How we will develop and create progress? In this paper, a review of the development of machine translation, disadvantages, role and prospects of superficial discussion, to answer these questions. i. A history of th e development of machine translation The seventeenth century French philosopher, mathematician Descartes and the German mathematician Leibniz put forward the idea of using the machine dictionary overcome language barriers.In 1946, the worlds first electronic computer was born, after 50 years of development, done the tortuous road success, at that place are setbacks, presented numerous challenges for researchers. Machine translation potential social and economic benefits, whatsoever Western countries as well as Japan and other countries have spent a lot of R D, machine translation into the boom by its start-up period of the trough, the recovery period and make showing unprecedented prosperous and developed. The finding is a brief overview of the various periods of its development.That is start-up period (1947 to 1954), Trough period (1954 to 1975), retrieval period (1975 to 1989),Prosperous Period. ii. The problem of machine translation The machine translation prosperity does no t mean it does not have any problems. According to statistics, machine translation with human translation, translation accuracy and readability is less than 70%, many ways, there are a large number of problems, yet computer, language experts and machine translation drillrs to jointly overcome.Opened the translation history at a glance the criterion the eyes of the beholder, the wise see wisdom. Three Kingdoms period follow essentially, Gavin ornaments East Jindao An best of Record, not so prejudicial statements were made tour word Tang Xuan Zang, neither shall seek the truth, and shall Yu vulgar to modern Yan Fu, letter the morose pursuit of Dayak Chinese letter, Fu Lei quite similar , environment of Qian Zhongshu Gu Zhengkun best approximation .Tytlers three principles abroad, the famous translator Nidas dynamic equivalence the the compensation Road Rove equivalents, otherwise Gorlee, alleged meaning on qualitative quantity. But are all demanding translation standards. The mach ine is translated as a translation, of course, should right attention to the quality of the translation. The translation quality of machine translation can understand and loyalty, it is difficult to achieve the ideal standard. These examples to illustrate (1) The erroneous translation of procedure of speech and meaning.These problems with the machine error on the part of speech, meaning Discrimination are inseparable. Once the parts of speech in this connection vocabulary to sentence structure bridge is the wrong resolution, the translation will be wrong. Therefore, it is the wrong resolution mistranslation phenomenon should arouse the attention of machine translation researchers. (2)Adverbial wrong translation Of mistranslation. Such as the num ber and type of vehi2cles be misinterpreted as such a number of types of vehicles. Comparative sentence mistranslation.The earlier a smog alert can be issued, the great its effectiveness is as it al2low s were wrongly translated consti tutes more time this smoke alarm can be as early as issued, the greater its readiness as it does allow and the correct translation should be the sooner the alarm, the greater the role, because it will make the Sketch word mistranslated. Small words, such as articles, conjunctions, position is not fluent in English. Chinese On the contrary, they become redundant, this machine translation can not be a good conversion.On these issues, there have been a lot of research, but always simple description, do not be traced. I believe that the key to these problems is not a simple computer program driving hard to the issue of slavery, but the context of the language itself is not a thorough analysis, we should ponder the question is how to make the machine with minimum knowledge. How to make the long-term accumulated cultural knowledge to penetrate into the machine translation. When they make the machine and from the search context, and in a certain ending play a role in its translation, what will?Mentioned Context, we can get some inspiration from the M alinow ski and Firth, Firth linguists task should be to study the text language phenomenon and its context combination, machine translation is the translation of a natural language another natural language should be set analysis, Discrimination get hold of processing as an integrated process, asked to do , Shindaya. Gave us think of fruitRevelation, the word of the keys on the piano, alone has no effect. Keep context together makes sense. Another figure is the cultural context. Firth social scene decided to play social role social role is limited. Therefore, the social scene is also limited. Event enables the machine translation These limited role in society, the social scene analysis processing, translation will be able to improve the understandability credibility and While this automaton suspected, but this is the trend. Since the machine translation represents the high-tech should be a breakthrough in the cur rent information age. ii. The role of machine translation.Machine translation through a saddle-type process, PaulDeposit and flourish, today turned into a tool, the reasonIt is its role in promoting. (1)Promote social progress Human leave no stone unturned to develop and sail through a machine. Is translation systems, has developed a translation software, promoted by Economic development, social progress, eliminating the language in the world among people Introduction obstacles, communicate with the entire world. (2) Improve translation efficiency With the machine translation research has improved continuously, the field of translation achieved unprecedented success.In our translation work, We can make use of a variety of translation systems or software to complete the translation task, Samples can improve the speed and accuracy of the translation, translation efficiency. (3) Promote the development of other areas Machine translation to get involved in mathematics, computer science , linguistics, translation Science and other multi-discipline areas need strong development of these disciplines, substantial based on the outcome, so as to promote the development of these areas.Fourth, the outlook on the prospects for machine translation. The birth of the machine translation system, especially to people translation, who brought hope. Although machine translation the understandability and loyalty also not ideal, but if the mathematics, computer science, translation studies and language science and other researchers in the field of work together, will make the machine translation out more beautiful flowers, bear more fruit.ConclusionIn the above mentioned, if the context of the language environment and cultural context for circumstance in the process of programming, will be able to make the translation discourse stronger language three junctures, namely the concept of function, people interpersonal function and textual function was more prominent. It is also the a uthor most would like to suggest, hope, serve role. It should be believed that through the tireless efforts of many researchers make machine translation. Having been by rights developed, thus will be able to promote vigorous translation cause development.

Balance sheet ratio analysis

Balance sheet ratio analysisBalance ragtime dimension AnalysisImportant Balance Sheet ratios placard liquidity and solvency (a callings ability to pay its bills as they come due) and leverage (the extent to which the agate line is dependent on creditors funding). They include the following ratiosLiquidity proportionsThese ratios head the ease of turning assets into capital. They include the reliable Ratio, Quick Ratio, and Working Capital.Current Ratios.The Current Ratio is one of the best known measures of financial strength. It is figured as shown below Total Current Assets Current Ratio = ____________________ Total Current LiabilitiesThe main question this ratio addresses is Does your business have enough current assets to obtain the payment schedule of its current debts with a margin of safety for possible losses in current assets, such as stock-taking shrinkage or collectable accounts? A gener onlyy acceptable current ratio is 2 to 1. But whether or not a specific rat io is satisfactory depends on the nature of the business and the characteristics of its current assets and liabilities. The minimum acceptable current ratio is obviously 11, but that relationship is usually playing it too close for comfort.If you decide your businesss current ratio is too low, you may be able to raise it by Paying some debts. Increasing your current assets from loans or other borrowings with a maturity of more than one year. Converting non-current assets into current assets. Increasing your current assets from new equity contributions. Putting profits back into the business.Quick Ratios.The Quick Ratio is sometimes called the acid-test ratio and is one of the best measures of liquidity. It is figured as shown below Cash + Government Securities + Receivables Quick Ratio = _________________________________________ Total Current LiabilitiesThe Quick Ratio is a much more exacting measure than the Current Ratio. By excluding inventories, it concentrates on the really l iquid assets, with value that is fairly certain. It helps answer the question If all sales revenues should disappear, could my business meet its current obligations with the readily convertible brisk funds on hand?An acid-test of 11 is considered satisfactory unless the majority of your quick assets argon in accounts receivable, and the pattern of accounts receivable collection lags behind the schedule for paying current liabilities.Working Capital.Working Capital is more a measure of cash flow than a ratio. The result of this calculation must be a positive number. It is calculated as shown belowWorking Capital = Total Current Assets Total Current LiabilitiesBankers look at Net Working Capital over time to determine a confederacys ability to weather financial crises. Loans atomic number 18 often tied to minimum working capital requirements.A general observation about these three Liquidity Ratios is that the higher they are the better, especially if you are relying to any signif icant extent on creditor money to finance assets.Leverage RatioThis Debt/Worth or Leverage Ratio indicates the extent to which the business is reliant on debt financing (creditor money versus proprietors equity) Total Liabilities Debt/Worth Ratio = _______________ Net WorthGenerally, the higher this ratio, the more risky a creditor will perceive its ikon in your business, making it correspondingly harder to obtain credit.To financial ratio analysis TopIncome Statement Ratio AnalysisThe following important State of Income Ratios measure profitabilityGross Margin RatioThis ratio is the percentage of sales dollars left after subtracting the cost of goods sold from net sales. It measures the percentage of sales dollars remain (after obtaining or manufacturing the goods sold) available to pay the overhead expenses of the company.Comparison of your business ratios to those of similar businesses will reveal the relative strengths or weaknesses in your business. The Gross Margin Ratio is calculated as follows Gross shekels Gross Margin Ratio = _______________ Net gross revenue(Gross avail = Net gross revenue Cost of Goods Sold)Net Profit Margin RatioThis ratio is the percentage of sales dollars left after subtracting the Cost of Goods sold and all expenses, except income taxes. It provides a good opportunity to differentiate your companys return on sales with the performance of other companies in your industry. It is calculated before income tax because tax rates and tax liabilities vary from company to company for a wide variety of reasons, making comparisons after taxes much more difficult. The Net Profit Margin Ratio is calculated as follows Net Profit Before Tax Net Profit Margin Ratio = _____________________ Net SalesManagement RatiosOther important ratios, often referred to as Management Ratios, are also derived from Balance Sheet and Statement of Income information.Inventory Turnover RatioThis ratio reveals how well inventory is existence managed. It i s important because the more times inventory can be turned in a given operating cycle, the greater the profit. The Inventory Turnover Ratio is calculated as follows Net Sales Inventory Turnover Ratio = ___________________________ Average Inventory at CostAccounts Receivable Turnover RatioThis ratio indicates how well accounts receivable are being collected. If receivables are not collected reasonably in accordance with their terms, management should rethink its collection policy. If receivables are excessively slow in being born-again to cash, liquidity could be severely impaired. The Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio is calculated as followsNet Credit Sales/Year __________________ = Daily Credit Sales 365 Days/Year Accounts Receivable Accounts Receivable Turnover (in days) = _________________________ Daily Credit SalesReturn on Assets RatioThis measures how efficiently profits are being generated from the assets employed in the business when compared with the ratios of firms in a similar business. A low ratio in comparison with industry averages indicates an inefficient use of business assets. The Return on Assets Ratio is calculated as follows Net Profit Before Tax Return on Assets = ________________________ Total AssetsReturn on coronation (ROI) Ratio.The ROI is perhaps the most important ratio of all. It is the percentage of return on funds invested in the business by its owners. In short, this ratio tells the owner whether or not all the effort put into the business has been worthwhile. If the ROI is less than the rate of return on an alternative, risk-free investment such as a lingo savings account, the owner may be wiser to sell the company, put the money in such a savings instrument, and avoid the daily struggles of small business management. The ROI is calculated as follows Net Profit before Tax Return on Investment = ____________________ Net WorthThese Liquidity, Leverage, Profitability, and Management Ratios allow the business owner to identify trends in a business and to compare its progress with the performance of others through data published by various sources. The owner may olibanum determine the businesss relative strengths and weaknesses.Return on Equity(ROE,Return on average common equity,return on net worth,Return on ordinary shareholders funds) (requity) measures the rate of return on the self-possession interest (shareholders equity) of the common stock owners. It measures a firms efficiency at generating profits from every unit of shareholders equity (also known as net assets or assets electronegative liabilities). ROE shows how well a company uses investment funds to generate earnings growth.

Just War Theory And The 2003 Iraq War Politics Essay

well(p) War Theory And The 2003 Iraq War Politics Es rankThe Iraq War or the second Gulf War has been commenced since 20 March 2003. despite the troops consisted of army force of various western nations, it was conductually led by the United States.Over the years, people gravel questioned the Bush administration whether it is confirm to invade Iraq, and whether the Iraq War fulfill the criteria of the Just War Theory. As much(prenominal), this essay pull up stakes attempt to determine whether the incursion of Iraq by the Bush administration is justified.Just cause The reason for going to contend must be just. Force may be utilise unaccompanied to correct a grave, public evil, i.e. hostility or kenive violation of the radical clement in good orders of whole populations1. In addition to what we generally accept that force may only be use to correct a grave and public evil, Holmes (1992) say that the criterion of just cause has been downgraded. He also stated that a contendfare is justified in response to aggression, ie, self-defense. It also extended to cover also defense of another state once morest aggression, intervention to protect potential victims of grave wrong by nations, and even up pre-emptive strikes against potential aggressors.Right authority War may be waged by constituted legal authority.Right intention War may be waged only in a truly just cause but not for material gain or maintaining economies.Last resort War may be waged only after all pacificationful alternatives have been exhausted or are not pr fleckical.Prospects of conquest the goal of the state of war must end with peace treatyProportionality the anticipated benefits must be proportionate to its expected evils or harms.Besides, the just war theory also requires the chaste standard to define the handle of armed conflict (Just ad bellum)-Noncombatant Immunity Army must take reasonable measures to avoid and minimize harm to civils.Proportionality Only requ isite force is to be use to achieve the military objective, and to avoid unnecessary collateral damage civilians and their properties.Right intention the aim of the war is to achieve peace. The act of vengeance and indiscriminate violence are forbidden.Reason to Invade IraqIn the speech given by Bush on 18 March 2003 in the White House, he gave the reason for taking military action against Iraq. In this essay, I will mainly attempt to use this speech as my personal line of credit for reason for invasion to Iraq.JUST WAR THEORY VS US INVASION (Just ad bellum)1. Just CauseIn the speech given by Bush, he stated-We have passed more than a dozen resolutions in the United Nations Security Council. We have sent hundreds of appliances inspectors to oversee the disarmament of Iraq. Our good faith has not been returnedOver the years, UN weapon inspectors have been holy terrorened by Iraki officials, electronically bugged and systematically deceived. Peaceful efforts to disarm the Iraki regime have failed again and again because we are not dealing with peaceful menIntelligence ga in that respectd by this and other administrations leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and hide out some of the most lethal weapons ever devised. This regime has already used weapons of push-down stack destruction against Iraqs neighbors and against Iraqs people.It has aided, trained and harbored bratwurstists, including operatives of al QaedaThe danger is fair using chemical, biological or, one day, atomic weapons, obtained with the help of Iraq, the terrorists could fulfill their stated ambitions and kill thousands or hundreds or thousands of innocent people in our country, or any other.Terrorists and terror states do not reveal threats with fair notice, in formal declarations and responding to such enemies only after they have struck first is not self-defense, it is suicide. The security of the worldly concern requires disarming Saddam Hussein now.In Bushs speech, the causes for invasion are-Iraq possess weapon of aggregate destruction and peaceful efforts to disarm the Iraqi regime have failed.Iraq aided terrorist like al Qaeda, and terrorists could make use of Iraqs weapon of mass destruction to kill Americans or people of other nations.However, it seems that the Iraq invasion did not fulfill the just cause.Regarding the weapon of mass destruction, in late 2002 Iraq agreed to inspection by UN inspectors in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1441. However, the inspectors discovered no weapon of mass destruction. They only concluded that Iraq government failed to proved that all weapon of mass destruction were properly destroyed.Besides, there was no evidence that the Iraqi government had any intention to use such weapon of mass destruction (even if Iraq did have the weapon). We did not see that the United States was facing a imminent threat of attack by Saddam Hussein.Moreover, we are all aware the recent missile test b y North Korea and its possession of material for making nuclear weapon. Would it justify to wage war against North Korea? Certainly not, or why the United States has not waged war against North Korea?In respect of Iraqs link with terrorists, there was no evidence that Iraqi government had any link or connection with al Qaeda (or were involved with the attacks of September 11). If the Bush administration had such evidence, it would be a just course as the invasion is an act of self-defense. Postwar finding2also indicated that CIA assessed that Iraq and al Qaeda resembled two independent actors laborious to exploit each other. It also indicated that Saddam Hussein was distrustful of al Qaeda and viewed Islamic extremists as a threat to his regime, refusing all request from al Qaeda to provide material and operational support.2. Right AuthorityThe US Congress passed the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq on 11 October 2002. This resolution provided the Bush Administration with the legal basis for the invasion to Iraq.Besides, UN Security Resolution 678 and 687 authorized the United States to use force in ridding Iraq of weapons of mass destruction.As such, US action was carried out with right and legal authority.3. Right IntentionAs pointed out in Bushs speech, the intention of invasion is to protect American and other people from weapon of mass destruction have by Iraq and the its support to terrorists.In respect of the intention to protect people from terrorists, as I earlier reported, there was no creditable evidence that Suddam Hussein had supported the terrorist like al Qaeda. Being the chief of command, Bush should have screw that the allegement of connection with terrorist was nothing more than an excuse. Scholar (Murray and Scales, 2003) argued that after the September 11 attack, the destruction of dictator Saddams government by a swift and forceful military action could establish the authority of the Unite d States and the determination to fight against terrorism. As such, the invasion did not bump the criterion of right intention from this perspective.Regarding weapon of mass destruction, since UN Inspector stated that after the inspection in late 2003 the Iraq government had failed to prove that all weapon of mass destruction were destroyed. The right intention of defend people from such weapon was justified.However, a number of scholars opined that the true intention of USs military act was to acquire Iraqs oil supply and to protect the oil in the Middle East. In the end, right intention is a inherent measure that depends on what was Bush thinking at the age of the invasion. Based on the circumstance, it seems that the right intention was justified as an independent UN inspection team (though may be hight influenced by US) had doubted whether Iraq had destroyed all weapon of mass destruction.4. Last recreateCoates (1997) stated that the criterion of proceed resort underlines the primacy of peace over war in just war thinking. Recognition of the potential moral instrumentality of war is not to be confused with moral enthusiasm for war. .moral considerations go hand in hand with political and military ones, and the moral judgment needs to be informed by a certain realism. Deciding when diplomatic and other non-bellicose means of securing peace have been effectively exhausted, or deciding when a pliant approach has become counterproductive, is largely a matter of political and military judgment. Coates rightly pointed out that the idea of last resort is subjective and could be influenced by political and military judgment.Walzer (2004) emphasized the authorised of last resort as because of the unpredictable, unexpected, unintended and unavoidable horrors that it regularly brings. As for the notion of lastness, it is essentially cautionary, he stated look hard for alternatives before you let loose the dogs of war.The issue we need to discuss is whether th e Bush administration had exhausted all non-violence means to achieve peace before the invasion to Iraq.However, I personally think that there would not any last resort in the reality. From anti-war believer, we would never meet the criterion of last resort. As such, we have to act at some point as far as all reasonable diplomatic and non-violence means have been done. As a matter of fact, when it comes to war, anti-war believer would always say that even at the last minute, there still are alternatives (which is always the best argument against waging war). The alternatives could be economic sanctions, UN inspection, pressure from neighbor and diplomatic meeting. However, Saddam could also use such non-violence alternative to buy time, so that he could have more time to build or hide the weapon of mass destruction. One of the reason as to why the UN inspector could not find any weapon of mass destruction may be because Saddem had bought enough time from previous noncooperation with UN inspection.Since Bush administration and UN had exercised diplomatic means to warn Saddem that war would be unavoidable if he chooses not to cooperate with the United States or UN, it is justified for Bush administration to say that he had exhausted the last resort.5. Prospects of successIn general, the US-led partnership outnumbered the Iraqi army. The military technology of the US led coalition was more advance than that of Iraqi army. Bush administration knew that there was high probability of success. The invasion cast of the war, ie, from 19 March to 20 April, proved that the criterion of prospects of success was meet. The problem is whether the US invasion was likely to generate condition of lasting peace by removing the dictatorship.However, after the invasion phase, despite the Iraqi army was quickly overwhelmed, some religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the occupation have begun isolate attack against the US led coalition. This contributes one of the main reasons for US military oddment in Iraq after the invasion phase. Besides, US and UK government was not able to restore basic services to the Iraqi people, and the decaying infrastructure due to a decade of sanction, bombing, corruption had left major cities barely functioning. Local people claimed that their living standard was really worse than that in Saddam regime which had contributed to local anger at the transitional Iraqi government.Even three years after the invasion, on 14 August 2007 800 civilians were killed by a series suicide bomb attacks in Iraq. More than 100 homes an shops were destroyed during this series of attacks. Isolated attacks have taken role from time to time killing US army. Besides, the invasion also creates anger by Iraqi people against United States. On 14 December 2008, at a press conference by George W. Bush in Iraq, a reporter threw his shoes to Bush screamed This is for the widows, the orphans and those who were killed in Iraq. It seems that the military act was a success during the invasion phase, peace is still very remote for Iraqi people. The worst is that the invasion also creates tension between civilian of Iraq and the United States which would not be easily solved in short period of time (taking Chinese against Japanese government for the war crime they did during WWII as an example).6. ProportionalityBeing a just war, it must be proportionate. The use of force must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. We all are concerned that invasion of Iraq could have unpredictable consequences not only for Iraq but for peace and stability elsewhere in the Middle East. Wells (1996) stated that if the price of the projected war is too great in total dislocation, suffering, and death, including all human, economic, and cultural costs, in comparison to the good likely to come of it, again, considering all the likely gains, past the war is disproportionate.During the invasion phase from 19 March to 30 Apri l 2003, 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed along with 7,299 civilians, primarily by US air and ground forces. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 US military personnel and 33 UK military personnel. The casualty rate of Iraqi is almost ten times higher than that of the coalition force. From casualty perspective, we could say that it was a disproportional war.Besides, war would definitely destroy the infrastructure of Iraq and affect the living standard given the fact that they had already lived at the edge of survival after a decade of destructive sanctions. The international communities and the countries in the Middle East were not ready to handle the problem of refugee from the Iraq.What some the good achieved by the war. The most obvious one would be the discovery or destroy of weapon of mass destruction. Since the western countries generally believed that Saddam had possessed a number of weapon of mass destruction and was intended to use. The military action pro tected the live of American and people of other nations.Besides, Saddam was known to be brutal dictator who killed his own people including children and women. Removing Saddam might facilitate the development of democracy and protect the right and live of Iraqi civilians.It is important to compare the benefit and detriments caused by the war. Given that the Bushs speech on 18 March 2003 did warn that it is not too late for the Iraqi military to act with honor and protect your country by permitting the peaceful entry of coalition forces to eliminate weapons of mass destruction. Our force will give Iraqi military units clear instructions on actions they can take to avoid being attacked and destroyed. I urge every member of the Iraqi military and intelligence services, if war comes, do not fight for a dying regime that is not worth your own life. Besides, in the same speech, Bush also promised that as our coalition takes aside their (Saddam) power, we will deliver food and medicine yo u need., we will help you to build a new Iraq that is prosperous and free. In a free Iraq, there will no mar wars of aggression against your neighbors,no more execution of dissidents, no more torture chambers and rape rooms. In view of all the circumstance, it is reasonable to say that the invasion met the criterion of proportionality.Based on the above analysis, the invasion of Iraq fulfills all criteria of Jus ad bellum except the criterion of just cause. The reason the invasion of Iraq failing to meet the necessary of just cause is because there is no weapon of mass destruction found in Iraq and Iraq had no connection with Terrorists. However, if the Bush administration, based on the intelligence provided by CIA prior to the invasion, truly believed that Iraq had weapon of mass destruction (and was intended to use it) and there was evidence to suggest Iraq had aided al Qaeda, then it would be reasonable to say the invasion fulfills the criterion of just cause.JUST WAR THEORY VS US INVASION (Just in bello)1. Noncombatant ImmunityCoates (1997) states that the moral reasoning associated with the principle of civilian or, more exactly, noncombatant immunity is one of the most strongly contested areas of just war theory. Since moral guilt or innocent can be established only by reference to the intentions, state of mind and subjective disposition of an individual, the distinction could not be used as a means of discriminating between legitimate and illegitimate targets of attack. This means the criterion of noncombatant immunity is a subjective measure of a persons mind.In a democratic government like the United State, targeting civilian or noncombatant during a war would be a crime. I would rather confidence to say that the US-led coalition force did not violate the criterion of noncombatant immunity. But there is always collateral damage. People estimated the number of civilian causality since 2003 ranged from 91,676 to 100,0833. The large number of civilian causality or collateral damage gave a worrying reality that noncombatant immunity is very tight to uphold in a war. Those Iraq civilian killed may be because the coalition army truly believed that their live were in danger and is was an act of self-defense.Besides, there were the human right abuses during the war and in particular at Abu Ghraib prison. Captured Iraqi army was tortured by US army in order to have intelligence. Those Iraqi soldiers were prisoners and could no longer cause any harm to the US, and strictly speaking, they were noncombatant. I consider such act by US is a violation to noncombatant immunity.Nonetheless, those violations to noncombatant immunity are isolated cases during the entire war. From the proceeding currently undertaking against US soldiers committing war crime, it shows that the US government is determined to uphold the requirement of noncombatant immunity.In respect of proportionality and right intention, their arguments are basically the same as the cases in jus ad bellum, and I would not repeat here. resultantThe US led coalitions invasion of Iraq met all the requirement of the just war theory except the just cause. The Just Cause Theory is a subjective theory. Whether a war is just depends on the state of mind of the person who wages war, and we could only assess the circumstantial evidence. I guess that we would never know whether the Bush administration knowingly accept the false intelligence that Iraq had weapon of mass destruction and connection with terrorists or the Bush administration simply misled by incredible intelligence from CIA or other government agencies. It would a just war from Bushs perspective, if he was deceived by incredible intelligence.It is very difficult to assess whether a war is just, particularly for those war waged by powerful nations who could exert influence to its alliances or even the United Nation. I therefore suggest that an independent government activity should be create who could hav e access to documents relating to the decision to wage war. This organization should also have judiciary power to conduct proceeding to decide whether a war is just. It can publish country for waging a unjust war and any wrongdoing during a war. Without an independent organization, nations will continue to wage war using the subjective side of the Just War Theory to justify their action.******